The state was founded by the Lithuanians, a polytheistic Baltic tribe from Aukštaitija. Despite that, Polish language editions stated the same in Polish language. By this time, Lithuania had conquered the territory of the Golden Horde all the way to the Dnieper River. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that lasted from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Austria. 164 likes. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 12th [1] –13th century until 1569. Polish influence subsequently began to replace Russian influence in Lithuania. BRITONS HAVE BEEN VISITING LITHUANIA AND Lithuanians Great Britain since the fourteenth century. Ethnic Lithuanians were very dedicated to their faith. A failed attempt was made in 1918 to revive the Kingdom under a German Prince, Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach, who would have reigned as Mindaugas II of Lithuania. Ce fichier est dérivé de : Pogonya 1928.svg: Based on the image: Pahonia. Under the 1522 peace treaty, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania made large territorial concessions. [20] Likely Živinbudas had the most authority[19] and at least several dukes were from the same families. [42] In the other parts of the duchy, the majority of the population, including Ruthenian nobles and ordinary people, used both spoken and written Ruthenian languages. Grand Duchy of Lithuania A former European state from the 13th century until 1795, encompassing the territory of modern-day Lithuania and Belarus, a large part of Ukraine, and small parts of Russia and Poland; Translations One of the main sources of Lithuanian written in the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect (Vilnius dialect), preserved by Konstantinas Sirvydas in a trilingual (Polish-Latin-Lithuanian) 17th-century dictionary, Dictionarium trium linguarum in usum studiosae juventutis, the main Lithuanian language dictionary used until the late 19th century. Agriculture did not emerge until the 3rd millennium BC due to a harsh climate and terrain and a lack of s… By the 1580s the majority of the senators from Lithuania were Calvinist or Socinian Unitarians (Jan Kiszka). [19] The sudden spark of military raids marked consolidation of the Lithuanian lands in Aukštaitija.[1]. There is considerable uncertainty about the identities of the grand dukes of Lithuania between his death in 1282 and the assumption of power by Vytenis in 1295. The Grand Duchy expanded to include large portions of the former Kievan Rus' and other neighbouring states, including what is now Belarus and parts of Ukraine, Latvia, Poland and Russia. The duchy grew to include large parts of the former Kievan Rus' and other Slavic lands. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 12th –13th century until 1569. The river flows in the lowlands and easily spills over its banks, therefore the traditional Lithuanian form liet- could be directly translated as lietis (to spill), of the root derived from the Proto-Indo-European leyǝ-. The pagan beliefs needed to be deeply entrenched to survive strong pressure from missionaries and foreign powers. Grand Duchy of Lithuania (until 1569) For millennia before ~1000 AD, the Baltic tribes lived in a separate world, barely noticed by foreigners, save for sporadic trade. It was founded by the Lithuanians, one of the polytheistic Baltic tribes from Aukštaitija. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the last pagan state in Europe. One of the main reasons for translations into Latin were that Ruthenian had no well defined and codified law concepts and definitions, which caused many disputes in courts. In 1362, regiments of the Grand Duchy army defeated the Golden Horde at the Battle at Blue Waters. [41] Nobles who migrated from one place to another would adapt to a new locality and adopt the local religion and culture and those Lithuanian noble families that moved to Slavic areas often took up the local culture quickly over subsequent generations. (2003). It was started by the Lithuanians. Pagan Lithuanians initially paid tribute to Polotsk, but they soon grew in strength and organized their own small-scale raids. They were traveling hunters and did not form stable settlements. Affordable and search from millions of royalty free images, photos and vectors. Grand duchy of Lithuania, state, incorporating Lithuania proper, Belarus, and western Ukraine, which became one of the most influential powers in eastern Europe (14th–16th century). Under the terms of the union, Lithuania officially remained a distinct state, constituting an equal partner with Poland in a Polish-Lithuanian confederation. Maintaining the integrity of such a patchwork state was not an easy task, and its rulers had to skillfully navigate between different groups of subjects. Jogaila took the Polish name Władysław II Jagiełło. Live Help . Inspired designs on t-shirts, posters, stickers, home decor, and more by independent artists and designers from around the world. With the acquisition of new Ruthenian territories, in 1340 this portion decreased to 30% By the time of the largest expansion towards Rus' lands, which came at the end of the 13th and during the 14th century, the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was 800 to 930 thousand km2, just 10% to 14% of which was ethnically … In addition to Lithuanians and Ruthenians, other important ethnic groups throughout the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were Jews and Tatars. [35] The union was never formalized, however, as only half a year later Napoleon's Grande Armée was pushed out of Russia and forced to retreat further westwards. The battle ended in a decisive Polish-Lithuanian victory against the Teutonic Order. In 1569 it became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1791. [21] The formal acknowledgement of common interests and the establishment of a hierarchy among the signatories of the treaty foreshadowed the emergence of the state. A central pillar of the state was tolerance. Name of Lithuania (Litua) was first mentioned in 1009 in Annals of Quedlinburg. The state was founded by the Lithuanians, a polytheistic Baltic tribe from Aukštaitija. Shortly afterward, the unitary character of the state was confirmed by adopting the Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations. Vectors. Z. Kiaupa. CD. Encouraged by Treniota, Mindaugas broke the peace with the Order, possibly reverted to pagan beliefs. [10] Lithuanian noblemen, including the Radvila family, attempted to break the personal union with Poland. Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Vytautas was one of the most famous rulers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, serving as the Grand Duke from 1401 to 1430, and as the Prince of Hrodna (1370–1382) and the Prince of Lutsk (1387–1389). Vytenis, Gediminas and Vytautas the Great also assumed the title of King, although uncrowned by the Pope. Current state (2004), Vilnius University and the Church of St. John, Pažaislis Monastery church, decorated with expensive marble, Žemaitukas, a historic horse breed from Lithuania, known from the 6–7th centuries, used as a warhorse by the Lithuanians, "Christianization of Lithuania in 1387", oil on canvas by Jan Matejko, 1889, Royal Castle in Warsaw, Priest, lexicographer Konstantinas Sirvydas, the cherisher of the Lithuanian language in the 17th century, European state from the 12th century until 1795, Supposed appearance of the royal (military) banner with design derived from a 16th century coat of arms, The Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the height of its power in the 15th century, superimposed on modern borders, Languages for state and academic purposes. After Vytautas’ death (1430), Lithuania continued to have its own rulers, who were nominally subordinate to the Polish king but maintained Lithuania’s autonomy and its authority in eastern European affairs. He is credited with founding this political entity and expanding its territory which, at the time of his death, spanned the area ranging from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. Noté /5. The Muscovites lost about 30,000 men, while the losses of the Poland–Lithuania army totalled only 500. AUDIO. [46][48] During the latter part of the history of the Grand Duchy, Polish was increasingly used in State documents, especially after the Union of Lublin. On the other hand, such a fact is not unprecedented in world history. This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 06:06. Grand duchy of Lithuania, state, incorporating Lithuania proper, Belarus, and western Ukraine, which became one of the most influential powers in eastern Europe (14th–16th century). [24] In 1236, the Samogitians, led by Vykintas, defeated the Livonian Order in the Battle of Saule. [3] [4] [5] Contents. This flag I drew according to the cutting from booklet. In the Federation, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania maintained its political distinctiveness and had separate ministries, laws, army, and treasury. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that lasted from the 13th century[1] to 1795,[2] when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Austria. It was started by the Lithuanians. Some came as warriors, others as diplomats, educators or traders, and still others as permanent settlers. One of the most prosperous periods of Belarusian history is associated with the emergence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Gimtoji istorija 2: Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės (Lietuvos istorijos vadovėlis). [15] The most credible modern theory of etymology of the name of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuva) is Artūras Dubonis's hypothesis,[16] that Lietuva relates to the word leičiai (plural of leitis, a social group of warriors-knights in the early Grand Duchy of Lithuania). The battle was part of a long series of Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars conducted by Russian rulers striving to gather all the former lands of Kievan Rus' under their rule. After Mindaugas' death, increased Teutonic Orderball's threats. Gediminas (c.1275 – December 1341) was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1315 or 1316 until his death. These languages included Lithuanian, Ruthenian,[46][47] Polish and, to a lesser extent (mostly in early diplomatic communication), Latin and German. See also: Demographics of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Ruthenian language, also called Chancery Slavonic in its written form, was used to write laws alongside Polish, Latin and German, but use varied between regions. On the contrary, if the dukes would move from Lithuanian lands to rule the non-Lithuanian lands, they would commonly adopt the local language and religion. It was started by the Lithuanians. The official language from the middle of the 14 th century was Ruthenian, also known as Old Belarusian. Although they had battled in the past, the Lithuanians and the Žemaičiai now faced a common enemy. The peace treaty with Galicia–Volhynia of 1219 provides evidence of cooperation between Lithuanians and Samogitians. The Order was forced to become a branch of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, making Samogitia, a strip of land that separated Livonia from Prussia, the main target of both orders. Another reason to use Latin was a popular idea that Lithuanians were descendants of Romans – mythical house of Palemonids. With the acquisition of new Ruthenian territories, in 1340 this portion decreased to 30% By the time of the largest expansion towards Rus' lands, which came at the end of the 13th and during the 14th century, the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was 800 to 930 thousand km2, just 10% to 14% of which was ethnically … But an example of the difficulties in applying national self-determination was the Polish-Lithuanian quarrel over the disposition of Vilnius. Updates? Media in category "Grand Duchy of Lithuania" The following 27 files are in this category, out of 27 total. [50], From the beginning of the 16th century, and especially after a rebellion led by Michael Glinski in 1508, there were attempts by the Court to replace the usage of Ruthenian with Latin. In December 1812, Vilnius was recaptured by Russian forces, bringing all plans of recreation of the Grand Duchy to an end. Landlocked and protected by dense forests and impassable wetlands, Lithuania was spared the fate of the other Baltic peoples, who were either converted or killed by German and Scandinavian colonizers between the late 12th and early 14th centuries. The expansion of the state reached its height under Grand Duke Gediminas, who created a strong central government and established an empire that later spread from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. After Vytautas's death, Lithuania's relationship with the Kingdom of Poland greatly deteriorated. Vytautas backed the economic development of the state and introduced many reforms. Locality Vistychi, Brest District, Brest Region, Belarus . The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 12th –13th century until 1569. Taking advantage of internal conflicts, Mindaugas allied with the Livonian Order. FOOTAGE. Mindaugas later renounced Christianity and converted back to paganism. [62], Lithuanian ancient hill fort mounds in Kernavė, now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Ruins of Navahrudak Castle. By 1770 there were about 4.84 million inhabitants in the territory of 320 thousand km2, the biggest part of whom were inhabitants of Ruthenia and about 1.39 million or 29% – of ethnic Lithuania. It was founded by the Lithuanians, one of the polytheistic Baltic tribes from Aukštaitija. In 1569 it became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1791. The fighting between Prussians and the Teutonic Knights gave the more distant Lithuanian tribes time to unite. Later, however, the country expanded into Slavic and even Muslim lands. Zigmas Zinkevičius. [45] By 1697, Polish had largely replaced Ruthenian as the "official" language at Court,[42][46][49] although Ruthenian continued to be used on a few official documents until the second half of the 18th century. The duchy grew to include large parts of the former Kievan Rus' and other Slavic lands. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Genealogy Projects tagged with Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the Geni Family Tree « Back to Projects Dashboard. In the 19th century, the romantic references to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were an inspiration and a substantial part of both the Lithuanian and Belarusian national revival movements and Romanticism in Poland. Soon after his arrival in Vilnius, Napoleon proclaimed the creation of a Commissary Provisional Government of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which, in turn, renewed the Polish-Lithuanian Union. The grand duchy, however, retained its autonomy, and, under the rule of Vytautas, Jogaila’s cousin and former political rival, who was named viceroy in 1392, it expanded to the Ugra and Oka rivers in the east, assumed a dominant role in Tatar and east Russian political affairs, and became the most powerful state in eastern Europe. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Since it included many outdated provisions, it became necessary to make corrections and changes to it. Mindaugas, the duke[22] of southern Lithuania,[23] was among the five senior dukes mentioned in the treaty with Galicia–Volhynia. Pressed by the crusading Teutonic and Livonian Knights, the Lithuanian tribes united under Mindaugas (d. 1263) and formed a strong, cohesive grand duchy during the reign of Gediminas (reigned 1316–41), who … The duchy later expanded to include large portions of the former Kievan Rus' and other Slavic lands, covering the territory of present-day Bela… In Ruthenia, Vytenis managed to recapture lands lost after the assassination of Mindaugas and to capture the principalities of Pinsk and Turaŭ. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that lasted from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Austria. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 12th [1] –13th century until 1569. The inhabitants of what is now Lithuania then travelled less and engaged in local hunting, gathering and fresh-water fishing. Seimas (Sejm, Sojm, Belarusian: Сойм) was an early parliament in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.It was active from 1445 to 1569, when it was officially abolished by the Union of Lublin. It also marked the rise of the Lithuanian nobility. Administrative structure of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1413–1564).[36]. The pagan state was targeted in the religious crusade by the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order. In 1410, Vytautas commanded the forces of the Grand Duchy in the Battle of Grunwald. The Christian orders posed a significant threat to pagan Baltic tribes, and further galvanized the formation of the Lithuanian state. Other European countries and the New World were not far behind. Ruthenian and Polish languages were used as state languages of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, besides Latin and German in diplomatic correspondence. In the 13th century, the centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was inhabited by a majority that spoke Lithuanian,[41] though it was not a written language until the 16th century. With the acquisition of new Ruthenian territories, in 1340 this portion decreased to 30% By the time of the largest expansion towards Rus' lands, which came at the end of the 13th and during the 14th century, the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was 800 to 930 thousand km2, just 10% to 14% of which was ethnically Lithuanian. [32][33][34] The Grand Duchy retained many rights in the federation (including separate ministries, laws, army, and treasury) until the May Constitution of Poland and Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations were passed in 1791. AUDIO. [43][44][45][46], The voivodeships with the predominant ethnic Lithuanian population, Vilnius,[citation needed] Trakai,[citation needed] and Samogitian voivodeships, remained almost wholly Lithuanian speaking, both colloquially and by ruling nobility. Polish finally became the official chancellery language of the Commonwealth in 1697. Samogitia was exclusive through state in its economic situation – it lay near ports[clarification needed] and there were fewer people under corvee, instead of that, many simple people were money payers. In 1579, Stephen Báthory, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, founded Vilnius University, one of the oldest universities in Northern Europe. This page is dedicated to the liberation of the people in my country of Grand Duchy of Lithvania! They identified documents relating to Jewish families who lived in the Grand Duchy region during the 17th and 18th centuries. [25] The state lapsed into years of internal fighting. The "buffer zone" composed of other Baltic tribes had disappeared, and Grand Duchy of Lithuania was left to battle the Orders on its own. Grand Duchy of Lithuania was established by the ethnic Lithuanian (Baltic) leaders hailing from the Lithuanian ethnic lands. History. The duchy grew to include large parts of the former Kievan Rus' and other Slavic lands. CD. The war of Lithuania against military Orders, which lasted for more than 200 years, and was one of the longest wars in the history of Europe, was finally ended. [24] The Teutonic Knights used this period to strengthen their position in parts of Samogitia and Livonia, but they lost the Battle of Skuodas in 1259 and the Battle of Durbe in 1260. In 1320, most of the principalities of western Rus' were either vassalized or annexed by Lithuania. 18th centuries, Belarus was part of the Grand Duchy of Litva (Lithuania), a medieval power including Belarusian and Ukrainian principalities, territories of Baltic tribes (modern Lithuania) and a few Russian principalities. The sources are preserved in works of graduates from Stanislovas Rapolionis based Lithuanian language school graduate Martynas Mažvydas and Rapalionis relative Abraomas Kulvietis. [61][62] This feeling was expressed in poetry by Czesław Miłosz. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 12th century until 1795. In 1321, Gediminas captured Kiev, sending Stanislav, the last Rurikid to rule Kiev, into exile. The Gediminid dynasty ruled the grand duchy for over a century, and Vytenis was the first ruler from the dynasty. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Grand Principality of Lithuania) was an Eastern and Central European state from the 12th /13th century until 1795. [26] The Orders could now turn their full attention to Lithuania. The state reached a peak under Vytautas the Great, who reigned from 1392 to 1430. Ciesielski Baptism of Lithuania.jpg 5,270 × 3,295; 5.87 MB The Seimas was an irregular gathering of the Lithuanian nobility, called as needed by the Grand Duke or during an interregnum by the Lithuanian Council of Lords (an early government). It was a highly developed country, with a progressive code of laws and Belarusian as the official language. [citation needed]. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania Scholarship is a special scholarship offered by Vilnius University for the most gifted applicants from Belarus in order to express solidarity with the people of Belarus and to support the democratic aspirations of the neighboring country. In the 16th century at the time of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lithuanian lands became partially polonized over time and started to use the Polish language for writing much more often than the Lithuanian and Ruthenian languages. In 1260 the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the land of Lithuania, and ethnic Lithuanians formed majority (67.5%) of its 400,000 people. SEE PRICING & … The Duchy of Lithuania (Latin: Ducatus Lithuaniae; Lithuanian: Lietuvos kunigaikštystė) was a state-territorial formation of ethnic Lithuanians which existed from the 13th century to 1413. ! After locating the archive or other repository which held these documents, the project arranged to duplicate and translate these documents. The Commonwealth was ruled by a parliament, the Seym, composed of noble landowners. The consolidation of the Lithuanian lands began in the late 12th century. [57] With the Union of Lublin, 1569, Lithuanian Grand Duchy lost large part of lands to the Polish Crown. Up until 1387,[citation needed] Lithuanian nobles professed their own religion, which was polytheistic. It was founded by the Lithuanians, one of the polytheistic Baltic tribes from Aukštaitija. Notwithstanding the above, Lithuania was a kingdom under Mindaugas, who was crowned by the authority of Pope Innocent IV in 1253. Retrouvez Lithuania proper: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Duchy of Lithuania, Balts, Battle of Saule, Ruthenia, Lithuania Minor, Vilnius Voivodeship, Trakai Voivodeship et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Treniota, together with Daumantas of Pskov, assassinated Mindaugas and his two sons, Ruklys and Rupeikis, in 1263. [44], Usage of the Lithuanian language still continued at Court after the death of Vytautas and Jogaila while Grand Duke Alexander I could understand and speak Lithuanian. Augustinus Rotundus translated the Second Statute into Latin. The Duchy of Lithuania (Latin: Ducatus Lithuaniae; Lithuanian: Lietuvos kunigaikštystė) was a state-territorial formation of ethnic Lithuanians which existed from the 13th century to 1413. Baptismal bath from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania times.jpg 4,032 × 3,024; 3.14 MB. Seimas (Sejm, Sojm, Belarusian: Сойм) was an early parliament in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.It was active from 1445 to 1569, when it was officially abolished by the Union of Lublin. Lithuania was Christianized in 1387, led by Jogaila, who personally translated Christian prayers into the Lithuanian language[31] and his cousin Vytautas the Great who founded many Catholic churches and allocated lands for parishes in Lithuania. Germany had the highest witchcraft execution rate, while Ireland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) had the lowest. Elektroninės leidybos namai: Vilnius. However, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was not a nation-state in the modern sense. High quality Grand Duchy Of Lithuania gifts and merchandise. By the 15th century the dynasty had become Slavic in culture (a version of Belarusian was the official language…, …his skillful dealings with the Polish-Lithuanian state, which had expanded down the Dnieper basin and into Slavic territories on the south flank of Moscow. As military campaigns were not successful, the relationships between Mindaugas and Treniota deteriorated. Vectors. English Photos. [8] Algirdas's son Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo in 1386, bringing two major changes in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: conversion to Christianity and establishment of a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1812, just prior to the French invasion of Russia, the former Grand Duchy revolted against the Russians. In an attempt to place Tokhtamish on the Golden Horde throne in 1399, Lithuania moved against the Horde but was defeated in the Battle of the Vorskla River, losing the steppe region. CD. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania managed to hold off Mongol incursions and eventually secured gains. The weak control of the Mongols over the areas they had conquered allowed the expansion of Lithuania to accelerate. At one point, though, Pope Alexander VI reprimanded the Grand Duke for keeping non-Catholics as advisers. Peasants in ethnic Lithuanian territories spoke exclusively Lithuanian, except transitional border regions,[citation needed] but the Statutes of Lithuania and other laws and documentation were written in Ruthenian, Latin and Polish. Pressed by the crusading Teutonic and Livonian Knights, the Lithuanian tribes united under Mindaugas (d. 1263) and formed a strong, cohesive grand duchy during the reign of Gediminas (reigned 1316–41), who extended their frontiers across the upper Dvina River in the northeast to the Dnieper River in the southeast and to the Pripet Marshes in the south. Political, economic and cultural life in the Grand Duchy was governed by Belarusian and Lithuanian tribes. Following the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, most of the lands of the former Grand Duchy were directly annexed by the Russian Empire, the rest by Prussia. Gifts and merchandise treaty, the newly reformed Commonwealth was ruled by a parliament, the Baltic states of on! 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