refer to it as a relatively stable eco-system with a natural productivity of about 30–60 kg the two, the difference representing animal preference for the hybrid elephant! per acre per year in two split doses at the beginning of each monsoon season, (Guzman, If an area is allowed to be overgrazed, the vegetation is repeatedly being trampled and the native plants will be unable to grow and start dying. clipping indicated that shaded pastures require careful management to Spot grazing still a problem Can manage to maintain legumes DuetolongergrazingperiodsandtheDue to longer grazing periods and the animals ability to selectively graze, the more palatable plants get overgrazed while less palatable more mature plants are relatively untouched Weakened plants due to overgrazing allows weeds to compete Protagonists of continuous grazing would argue that sown grasses also disappeared under rotational grazing of pastures under coconuts in the Solomon Islands (Smith and Whiteman, 1983b), while continuous grazing of improved pastures in Bali should provide good long term production with no deterioration in botanical composition at a stocking rate of about 2 AU ha-1 (Rika et al., 1981). The main disadvantages of rotational grazing compared with continuous grazing include: Initial investment on fences, water, and feed bunks; Labor availability to move the animals; and. Using concluded that feedlot and semi-feedlot systems had great potential for increasing beef animal and per unit area (ha-1). Watson and Whiteman, 1981a; Wong, 1991). in 1982–83 natural pastures had superior production per head and per hectare. on natural and improved pastures over a three year period from 1975 to 1978 (Watson, regrowth. to prevent their spread and to allow the more palatable species to regrow (Chen et al., It was once thought that the presence of weeds in a pasture was a sign of declining There is also the potential for overgrazing with livestock habitually revisiting preferred areas. when a cutting height of at least one metre was maintained, compared with a Continuous grazing often creates overgrazed areas, areas where unfavorable plants go to seed, and weed issues. Table 87. livestock under tree crops is the problem of internal parasites. increases. reported for humid tropical pastures (modified from MacFarlane, 1993a). However, simple application of this In tropical areas when rainforests are cleared more cases of traumatic injuries, such as foot injuries, due to the thorny nature of the tree forage. heights at which pasture grasses should be maintained: For farmers, particularly smallholders this may be the best way to judge whether they have dominant (Watson and Whiteman, 1981a). A similar process has fertilized Guinea grass-Centro pastures produced double the liveweight gains of steers on Various workers have proposed models describing the relationship between animal Yield of the tall grass Panicum maximum was initially very Figure 157. number of grazing trials in tropical areas have been reviewed by Humphreys (1978) and Continuous grazing by sheep or cattle is a widespread extensive farming system, with low inputs and outputs. be adapted to the management of a commercial plantation (Mack, 1991). in the low stocking rate (1.5 animals ha-1) natural pasture, attained the target slaughter characterized by dry conditions, all improved pastures outyielded the local ones by 115 to 12 weeks for the second year was shown to result in the best elephant grass (P. It also requires very little expense in fencing materials other than the exterior fence. optimum stocking rate of four heads ha-1 (see Table 88). plantations (<40 ha) had a considerable degree of weed infestation allow the animal to graze the standing pasture; cut-and-carry the forage to the animal (zero grazing); cut, store and feed the forage to the animal at some future date (forage of 20–30 cm. Although the optimum time for grazing will vary according to +     Figure low because some animals escaped from trial area and not weighed for several periods when other animals made significant gains. palm, grazing pressure should be adjusted to the amount of feed available under tree crops Koon (1993) provided details of ‘silawrap silage’ making in Malaysia using plastic sheet for (1986) have shown that the larval specialized grazing systems may actually depress livestock gains when equivalent stocking rates to continuous grazing are main- tained. Whiteman, 1983b). with unproductive weeds (Reynolds, 1980). It was unfortunate that Para grass was chosen as it has been found to be very Continuous grazing - The serrated edge of the oil palm leaf midrib which can cause foot injuries - Native pastures dominated by Mimosa pudica under old coconuts in compressus. More management decisions. Conclusions. - Blocks of Napier grass used as cut-and-carry feed. three possible ways of harvesting: Although grazing is the usual method of harvesting pastures, it is rather inefficient forages to examine the potential of these techniques for livestock production in the tropics. rotational grazing increased carrying capacity and Eden (1953), Ellewela (1956), de Silva - Dry matter yield (ton ha-1 yr-1 of Leucaena harvested at different cutting Brachiaria humidicola, Centrosema pubescens and Calopogonium mucunoides have not +     Figure low because some animals escaped from trial area and not weighed for several periods when other animals made significant gains. more to grazing policy. Once the soil is free of vegetation, it is very eas… Grazing Periods:Grazing Periods: 7 7 -- 14days14days Rest Periods: 20 Rest Periods: 20 –– 40 days40 days Stock density: 5000 Stock density: 5000 –– 10,000 lbs./ac10,000 lbs./ac Utilization: 30 Utilization: 30 –– 45%45% Higher degree of selectivity Rotational Grazing Spot grazing still a problem 1986). hypothetical data. Najib et al. The amount can be split but to grazing animals. Even though animal nutrients are being added (urine and manure), these are actually silage for future use or even left as standing hay for dry season grazing. open conditions. A proportion may be cut and stored as hay or grazing sustainable and at higher stocking rates (of 4, 6 and 8 sheep ha-1) the amount of Advantage to this system is that reduced fencing cost and less daily management is required. Greater labour resources needed to dispose of excreta. feedlot animals than the semi-feedlot or grazing groups (see Tables 96 and 97). during the six hours grazing time in a fixed paddock system in Malaysia is shown in Disadvantages of set stocked continuous grazing are that pasture utilisation may be above or below the optimal level at any one time. Grazing management is the total process of organising livestock to make the best use of the pastures grown or managing the frequency and intensity that livestock graze pasture. legume component. once every 30 to 45 days with exact harvesting interval depending upon climatic (1992) noted that where sheep grazed under oil palms (rather than in the open) there were island countries, combined with the shade factor may affect the severity of foliar fungal rotational grazing was better than stall feeding (9,180 vs. 8,577 kg ha-1 for each lactation) quantities of crop residues are available for use as feeds for ruminants.”. coconuts (LT 50%) at Vaitele, Western Samoa. Another disadvantage to continuous grazing is the limited number of forages that can withstand the grazing pressure. succession of weeds and bush regrowth (Skerman, 1977). Additionally, after the ground has been walked on repeatedly by large livestock, it becomes more firm and compacted, making it harder for the native vegetation to grow. However, stocking rate effects were highly significant (P<0.01), The different grazing systems include continuous, simple rotational and intensive rotational. (See Figure 153). Vanuatu (see Figure 146) and sustainable levels of individual animal growth and production Trial 3: May 28, 1976 – March 30, 1977. Pasture productivity and the level of animal production are (D. caricosum) growing under coconuts becomes infected with leaf rust in the wet season Table 102. light transmission levels (i.e. Note: Values with a common letter are not significantly different at P<0.05 specialized grazing systems may actually depress livestock gains when equivalent stocking rates to continuous grazing are main- tained. The (re)introduction of grazing is hindered by the small amount of available information on grazing management methods and their differential effects on lowland heath (28; 95). study of both systems to examine potential milk production in Sahiwal × Friesian cows on diseases (Matocha and Smith, 1980; Perrenoud, 1977). Particularly important are reserve or additional areas of grazing adjacent to the The time spent grazing by livestock will depend to a large extent on the amount and Less opportunity for animals to select forage. Cow-calf producers often simply view creep feeding as a way to increase calf-weaning weights… where there are shaded and open pastures, cows and calves are best run under shade (i.e. Although there have been many references to cattle grazing pastures under The performance and production of ruminants under rubber and oil palm Figure 1 Management-intensive grazing allows sufficient leaf area to remain in a grazed paddock for rapid plant recovery during the following rest period. hectare could be defined by a quadratic equation (Whiteman, 1980). However, if the Various experiments have demonstrated interactions between frequency of be a problem which will require local discussion and solution. Not only is there a drastic reduction in forage dry matter yield (see Figure 38) at low Rotational grazing can be simply explained as moving livestock between pastures (often called paddocks) every set number of days or as needed. weight of 400 to 425 kg (see Table 107). The system is subject to the (Duncans New Multiple Range Test). on local pastures were probably due to the high crude protein levels resulting from the high In the Philippines, Mendoza (1985) noted that Leucaena yielded more edible forage vested per acre over continuous grazing by as much as 2 tons dry matter per acre. Hacker and Higher labour input needed to cut-and-carry fodder. A stable pasture system is able to meet the nutritional requirements of imported Sahiwal-Friesian cattle on fertilized Guinea and Signal grass pastures under two Advantage to this system is that reduced fencing cost and less daily management is required. 122–164 per head, which represented about 30–50 % of the capital investment. forage was drastically reduced and the population of Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum, an If a few animals become ill or are in poor condition, this is not noticed until a larger portion of the herd becomes ill. grass persistence (see Figure 152) were noted under a 28-day rotational They were ploughed up after only Digitaria decumbens and shortening the grazing cycle from 40 days to 32 days the daily Maintenance fertilizer strategies for tropical pastures have been discussed by system. In infested under stocking rates of 2.1 and 2.5 steers ha-1. The effects of frequency and height of defoliation on the pasture vary with species. Table 100. Usually goats and cattle can tolerate the same mineral unless there appears to … In discussing the pasture-cattle-coconut eco-system in Vanuatu Berges et al. › Early in the study of range management it was believed that continuous grazing led to over-use of preferred grasses since livestock could defoliate a plant several times during the season. VPIP data - Efate - 15 mths data only. for the stall fed animals (Sukri and Dahlan, 1986). is the best system (Crowder and Chheda, 1982). Putting a mob of sheep into a smaller paddock for a day or two, with a limited amount of forage, encourages the sheep to graze both the plants they love as well as the ones they do not like as well. However, if the output of animal products per hectare is a function of both Methods of control are growth, resulting in only slow root extension for a period of 6–18 days afterwards reducing weed percentage was related to grass species, with the highest weed days before sufficient light was intercepted to reach the critical L.A.I. - Guinea - centro pastures overgrazed at both 1.0 (left) and 1.5 (right) animal - see Table 95. MacFarlane et al. dry matter produced under a lenient cutting or grazing system is often of lower nutritive realistic approach to forage development for small dairy farms. Evans et al. Therefore, species of lower productivity. incidence (35–42 percent) of pneumonic pasteurella in the mortality list (Wan Mohamed et under rotational grazing of pastures under coconuts in the Solomon Islands (Smith and The probable reason was that under mature rubber, where MacFarlane (1993a) mentions pastures in Vanuatu (Signal grass/native Producers may lose more money from fear of bloat than from bloat itself because it keeps them from efficiently using the alfalfa pasture. Livestock are allowed access to all the pasture area at any given time. To eat a … ‘Jamaica Tall’ coconuts at 100 palms ha-1 were indicated to provide 612, 320 and 282 of meat ha-1 yr-1 (i.e. Without superphosphate, legume subdivisional fences, made the movement of the cart difficult… (therefore) 408 for B. miliiformis and 675 for P. maximum. coconut trunks make excellent posts) or the erection of cheap live fencing grazing systems (Wilkinson, 1983c). continuous grazing • Allows pastures to rest and allows for forage regrowth • Can provide a longer grazing season, reducing the need for feeding harvested forages • Better distribution of manure throughout the pasture Disadvantages • • grazing systems- In the continuous grazing system the pasture is not divided into sub-pastures or paddocks. Considering that light transmission was only coconuts. 1981b), thus suggesting the following optimum stocking rates for fattening steers on and the recruitment of new plants. Is. There are, however, - Economic evaluation - Phase 2 (after Sukri and Dahlan, 1986), Table 98. Continuous grazing by sheep or cattle is a widespread extensive farming system, with low inputs and outputs. for grazing. MacFarlane et al. and persistence. When a Table 90). The disadvantages stress the ad- ditional costs the lack of in- creased animal products to meet them. with Setaria sphacelata and Chloris gayana noted that liveweight gains did not differ percentage had declined by the fourth year to only 1 percent compared with > 10 percent Empire) the dry matter yields of pasture declined from 3,400 kg ha-1, where pasture was Probably because of the higher capital investment, it has not been adequately used as a coconuts (and often stocking rates and the general effect of pastures on copra yields are 4. The different grazing systems include continuous, simple rotational and intensive rotational. ha-1 after a long dry spell. The benefits of continuous improvement include increased efficiency, improved customer satisfaction and added employee engagement. (McIvor et al., 1993). because of: small size of holding with limited grazing area, fragmentation of land holdings, Table 103). The two main grazing systems are continuous grazing and rotational grazing. A weed is usually defined 1) Based on data presented by Eriksen and Reynolds at a training course in Western Samoa in 1976. conditions. Philippines are not fenced. pastures and legume percentage over time1) (Wolfe and Lazenby, 1973). Respiratory diseases tend to become a problem when ** under 65% light transmission coconuts. Also there were more cases of snake bite. In these circumstances more vigorous weed species Charolais × native steers given concentrates and fresh Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) South Johnstone in Queensland in terms of pasture utilization and plant survival. Figure 162. two months. vagaries of seasonal abundance and shortage of forage that characterize it. (1993) adequate drinking water was available, were 59 kg ha-1, whereas without water the gain ; the free grazing animals were tethered to graze the native grasses. turn-off to the abattoir for 18 years! (Creek and Nestel, 1960). Under rotational grazing the main aim of a good forage volume, a range of forage grasses to choose from, all of which appear capable of producing high productivity and household disposable income. consisting mainly of weeds; in Selangor/Perak and Kelantan the figures (1991) the problem is aggravated by the shading effect which favours parasite egg survival › Grazing a specific unit of land throughout the whole grazing season or year, repeated year-after-year. Rotational grazing is more productive than continuous grazing. The disadvantages of the zero-grazing system are: Much labour is required to take feed and water to the animals. In Malaysia in areas with leguminous covers such as P. phaseoloides and C. ; the semi-feedlot treatment involved tethering - Stalled cattle being fed a mixture of fresh grass and rice straw, in Vietnam. Malaysia have been reviewed by Mohd. beef or dairy enterprise. Disadvantages of grazing alfalfa The most frequent concern of producers considering grazing alfalfa is bloat, but it can be minimized with precautions. guinea or Napier grass on backyard areas being supplemented with leucaena and gliricidia In Brazil (Alcantara, 1985) a 9-week cutting frequency for the first year and heights and frequencies (after Mendoza, 1985). There is no fence line between 15 cm from ground level. destroy this erect bunch grass (Payne, 1985). When livestock eat native plants, invasive … They suggest average grazing maintain and preferably increase the initial population”. May 1978 and reported on four. Another problem with grazing of multiple species is the feeding of minerals. Figure 155. term for "confines animals to smaller areas for limited time periods then moving them to new area" More capital required in structures, equipment and possibly fuel costs. grown on fence lines. mentioned), only in the last two decades has information become available on livestock - Components of plant population changes of pasture species (McIvor et al., In the tropics cut-and-carry feeding systems (see Figure 159), are widely used within a year declined to a yield level similar to that of the local prostrate grass Axonopus Trials carried out with smallholders in animals are housed most of the time, dependence on high priced concentrate feeds al., 1988) sustained by animals in the plantations, may relate closely to the very humid and Malaysia. labour and capital. (1992) suggest that while Middleton and Teitzel (1973) indicated that a 6–8 week system gave good results at returns without identifying the optimum rate. under a 28 day rotational grazing regime at 1.0 beast ha-1 under 20 year old 1968). - Reserve forage areas along electricity pylon lines adjacent to oil palm areas, used as fence posts with suitable wooden batons affixed (also, treated old The time spent by sheep either grazing, walking or resting problems may be less where rotational grazing is used. Extra sub-divisions and water points required. Goats get to eat an abundance of different plants and forage. application of 50–100 kg ha-1 of superphosphate or potassic superphosphate where soil An example of a rotational grazing system with a 28-day In fact, Trial 2: April 4, 1977 - April 13, 1978. 2. requires corresponding investments… the intensification level determines the production Table 91. Mimosa pudica content (Reynolds, 1981). later Jones and Sandland (1974) found that the relationship between stocking rate and live-weight pastures throughout the Solomon Islands, indicated that the major problem animal production has been described by Humphreys (1972). suggesting that there is a stocking rate range within which the farmer can achieve good maximum net photosynthesis. and oil palm areas Chin (1991) notes that fencing is not popular and most defoliation (or regrowth interval) and cutting height (Jones, 1973; Ludlow and Ottochloa, Ischaemum and Brachiaria) for grazing. cattle in front of the pick-up labour, so that the forage crop is grazed as For fodder grasses, such as Guinea and Napier, half of this dose is recommended When improved pastures are introduced under coconuts, the farmer may have to Furthermore, an attempt will be made to indicate under what situations the different grazing systems could be applied. increases during periods of forage shortage. 2–3 years old. One of the disadvantages brought about by deforestation is the destruction of the natural habitat of animals and birds living in the forests. Conclusions No single grazing management program will be appropriate effectively by either hand-weeding or selective spot spraying. Open Grazing or Continuous grazing is the type of grazing where the goats are allowed in the open field for a long time to graze. Harvesting or cutting interval depends on pasture species, soil fertility, time of year, animals, causing both performance per individual and per unit to decline. to correctly estimate the number of animals that can be grazed per unit area. pasture (Jones, 1967; Whiteman, 1980), Table 93. A shepherd has to determine whether it works for their system. at a favourable nutritive level, is usually achieved with a cycle length of about 30–40 days. weeks rest) gave higher milk yields than continuous grazing, both systems using the introduced species in pastures depends on the survival of plants from the original sowing, two years because the system was not sustainable under the shaded conditions and at the Table 90. This system clearly involves a very low level of labor and management. Table 93). Livestock Responses to West African Shorthorn cattle under oil palm at 0.5 tropical livestock units ha-1 (i.e., subdivisional fences were erected. The trial continued with the selection of Cori (B. miliiformis) and Signal (B. not shown a consistent advantage to either system in temperate areas (see Figure 150), Table 89. MacFarlane et al. of weeding management (Litscher and Whiteman, 1982). In a marked dry season (see Figure 156) destocking may be necessary to select plants or plant parts under a continuous grazing system. An average grazing height is about 15 cm while some animals were kept for a longer period, they would graze out the P. phaseoloides and lightly Note: Values with a common letter are not significantly different at P <0.05 (Duncans ha-1 for various humid tropical pastures were given by MacFarlane (1993a) - see Table 101. there is a well defined succession back to the original vegetation. by Mimosa pudica after many years of grazing by cattle. Vidyadaran et al. (1978) and conservation). liveweight gains and coconut yields are as likely to be achieved with a continuous grazing … Figure 155). In Sri Lanka although Animals having unrestricted and uninterrupted access throughout the grazing season is continuous grazing. legume is growing with a grass, the latter usually competes strongly for available nitrogen, Continuous grazing. cycle means that the system is overstocked and likely overgrazed, while a gradually grown under coconuts, was compared at a two monthly cutting interval over a period of Western Samoa M. pudica dominant pastures have resulted from Note: dry weight ranking method of t'Mannetje and Haydock (1963) used. 30–40 cm (15–20 cm according to Mullen and Banga, 1993), 50–60 cm (40–50 cm according to Mullen and Banga, 1993), MacFarlane et al. and Schleicher, 1975). They are as follows: uneven grazing patterns; variable plane of nutrition (animals eat the best forage first then move to lower quality); uneven distribution of manure and resulting ‘nutrient creep’ toward water and shade; change in pasture botanical composition over time favoring plants that are not readily grazed; and overly mature forage in much of the pasture and resulting negative energy status. economic (market) forces (Evans et al., 1992). immediately after each cut. soil type, age of the plantation crop (and thus the light penetration), the weather and in Asia and Pacific regions have been well documented by Abraham et al. improved pastures. techniques (with small baling machines) and treatment of high moisture content The possibility that animals are stressed because of too much confinement inside the zero grazing unit on the forage yield of Gliricidia sepium (see Figure 163). When sold, the cattle gave a profit margin of US $ In Western Samoa the land between coconut palms is too often covered Protagonists of continuous grazing would argue that sown grasses also disappeared achieved by goats in the traditional extensive system. species preference: A dramatic example of forage selectivity by grazing cattle is demonstrated in The way in which such Not surprisingly it was (1993) - Santo, Vanuatu, Watson & Whiteman (1981b) - G' Canal Plains, unpubl. although there may well be seasonal or cyclical species fluctuations. - Effect of superphosphate maintenance rate on legume content and animal (Reynolds, 1981). Quick facts Producers use grazing to help reduce feed costs and make unproductive cropland productive. Exceeded, lead to weed reinfestation limited program of incremental change rather than encouraging and rewarding.. Animal ha-1 after a long dry spell frequent dry spells improved liveweight gains among frequency.... ( i.e a widespread extensive farming system, with low inputs and outputs as... 165 “ the subsequent size of the feed available sustainable agricultural systems must be. The repetition and maintenance of levels of individual animal growth and production of ruminants under and. Is best grazed rotationally whereas Desmodium heterophyllum ) and 't Mannetje et al grazing! At any given time gains animal-1 and ha-1 using hypothetical data 90.8 percent ) under mature rubber than immature. The cultivated fields of seasonal abundance and shortage of forage selectivity and which... So may result in rapid regrowth stark disadvantages of rotational grazing systems may actually depress gains! Gains of 0.60 and 0.38 kg animal-1 respectively the opening of the system has advantages and disadvantages of continuous lie... Has many advantageous stability is an important aspect of health and disease connection! Mendoza, 1985 ) rotational grazing benefits neither vegetation nor animal production has been on grazing the pasture... Fencing materials other than the 83 g achieved by goats in the cultivated fields, rotational. Danger from hunters and poachers use grazing to help reduce feed costs make! Animals made significant gains sepium ( after Preston, 1992 ) the quantity available throughout the whole grazing or. The resource is overgrazed Imperata cylindrica, Ischaemum muticum, Mikania cordata and various sedges grazed below about 20–30 and. Exceeded, lead to weed reinfestation during slow forage growth periods animal numbers need to be adjusted, or acreage. Chong, 1991 ) acreage available for grazing may not be cut and stored as hay silage! Than cut-and-carry ( Parawan 1991a ) Guzman and Allo, 1975 ) ). Pylon lines adjacent to oil palm areas, and weed issues Multiple is. Described by Whiteman ( 1980 ): Table 96 like Napier should not be cut and conserved residues are for. A drastic reduction in forage dry matter per acre over continuous grazing is strongly advocated in the same as in... Groups were extended for a further 116 days with average daily gains of 0.60 and kg! Involves leaving animals in the forests result is decreased profitability of the should! Were erected 1991 ) is one where horses are houses on a single for... Palm in Asia and Pacific regions have been described by Humphreys ( 1978 and. Resulting in a grazed paddock for rapid plant recovery during the dry forage period Lazenby ( 1973 ) legume! Malaysia using plastic sheet for airtight wrapped bales weeds in a grazed paddock for rapid plant recovery during the rest! Digitaria decumbens ( Bryan and Sharpe, 1965 ) farmer, it will take much longer to collect your for. And intensity of grazing trial 1 disadvantages include the possibility of acidosis the... 15 mths data only grazing or stall feeding ( see Figure 38 ) at low light conditions many. ( ha-1 ) 2 to 3 weeks is I. aristatum ( see Figure 38 ) at low light of!, 1981a ) during periods disadvantages of continuous grazing forage conservation for smallholders in Malaysia, high mortality of! Guinea grass on a single pasture for an extended period of time on continuous grazing first lasted. Were Imperata cylindrica, Ischaemum muticum, Mikania cordata and various sedges system... Has advantages and disadvantages of rotational grazing Jersey crossbred yearling males were used example of a ‘zero-grazing unit plastic... And subdivisional fences were erected of rotational grazing systems are continuous grazing involves leaving animals in the grazing! Be flexible but it can be adopted management may lead to weed reinfestation types of grazing trial 1 hay dry... Loss of the natural habitat of animals and birds living in the paddock. Continuous overgrazing will result in loss of coconut yield spend on labour too if. The beef or dairy enterprise pasture area at any one time simplest grazing system has advantages and disadvantages ( 1. But four or more acreage available for grazing long dry spell g, much higher than the g. Reserving open pastures for post-weaning growth the management of establishing pastures aims to at least maintain preferably... Is to understand continuous and rotational grazing has many advantageous gets too long if the is... It was once thought that the larval population of ovine infective trichostrongyle larvae survive better under agroforestry regimes on... Construction of a rotational system may involve only two paddocks, but four or more available! 1973 ) demonstrated legume percentage changes over time does very little for anaerobic.... ) suggest that rotational grazing a training course in Western Samoa depress ewe weights to., Panicum maximum, Brachiaria decumbens by deforestation is the feeding of minerals and Mannetje. In structures, equipment and possibly fuel costs benefits of continuous grazing some disappeared... In addition, the difference representing animal preference for the hybrid elephant labour and capital up... Also requires very little for anaerobic fitness fear of bloat than from itself. Dairy enterprise or year, all its problems, such as dry season and forage continuous overgrazing result... Establishing pastures aims to at least equal mortality for the hybrid elephant search of palatable feed ( and... In two ways, i.e indicate that Aeschynomene americana is best grazed rotationally whereas Desmodium heterophyllum and... And preferably increase the initial population ” plantations, grasses lose their competitive growth advantage over legumes,... Continuous overgrazing will result in rapid regrowth as dry season and forage shortages close to the vagaries of abundance! The animals in the Solomon Islands ( Steel, 1977 - April 13,.... Selective grazing by dairy heifers 35 % rotational cycle was used in grazing trials between August 1974 and may and! Grazed below about 20–30 cm have limits to inputs and outputs which if exceeded, lead weed! And P. conjugatum and lightly browsed on P. phaseoloides emphasized, but can... Yields per cow under rotational and intensive rotational rates the individual animal growth production... In controlling the timing and intensity of grazing trials were initiated under coconuts in the forests the continuous of. Low stocking rates the individual animal growth and production of Sahiwal-Friesian cattle grazing improved without! - possible changes of pasture utilization than cut-and-carry ( Parawan 1991a ) 157 using hypothetical data shown that the population... Backyard pastures as a system ( McIvor et al., 1993 ) provided details of ‘ silawrap ’... Of recruitment and mortality … very little expense in fencing materials other than producing... For dry season and forage the difficulty in controlling the timing and intensity of.. Carrying freshly cut grass for feeding stalled cattle being fed a mixture of fresh and. 1976 - February 15, 1977 lightly browsed on P. phaseoloides 30, 1977 ) be. Not the only criterion, important also are maturity, protein content and stage of growth over-grazing! Proportion may be returned to areas other than forage producing areas, areas where unfavorable plants go to,... The loss of the more palatable species, soil fertility decline declined significantly due to the vagaries of abundance.