“In the second half of the last century, genetic improvements were responsible for half the progress made. This is a sensible approach, as it would also avoid the need for labeling products and related problems derived from plants developed by exempted NPBTs. • communication to the public on the importance of plant breeding for improving environmental and economic sustainability, nutrition, productivity, and food security; • advocating for the work of plant breeders; • outreach to potential public and private partners, both domestically and globally EU member states’ voting for authorizing genetically engineered crops: a regulatory gridlock. (2010). Food processor and retailer non-GMO standards in the US and EU and the driving role of regulations. 9, 17.1–17.24. The high coverage of the PLANTUM database shows that this population includes 87.5 per cent of Dutch plant breeding companies. A new study on the socio-economic value of plant breeding in the European Union clearly shows the breeding sector has a strong positive impact on growth and employment, as well as on environmental protection and biodiversity preservation. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2019.01597/full#supplementary-material, Andersson, M., Turesson, H., Olsson, N., Fält, A.-S., Ohlsson, P., Gonzalez, M. N., et al. Law Econ. To judge the representativeness of the sample, usually a description of the population should be sketched. 25 (5), 509–511. Some countries even have strict field trial requirements that are often technically infeasible and economically unviable (Kuntz, 2012). Firms in general are required to provide a set of standard regulatory information, but regulators have the option to seek additional case-specific information. Biotech. “All this land is sequestering carbon both above and below ground. Also, no significant result was found when differentiating between companies with main market within the EU or non-EU (2-sided asymptotic sig, 0.865). (2019). Due to the absence of contact details, three units had to be removed (all in “agriculture”) resulting in a sampling population of 72 (Table 2). Sprink, T., Eriksson, D., Schiemann, J., Hartung, F. (2016). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). A comparison of the EU regulatory approach to directed mutagenesis with that of other jurisdictions, consequences for international trade and potential steps forward. Ex-post liability applies when companies face legal challenges from externalities of e.g., NPBTs, such as health or environmental claims. Annu. As the regulatory environment differs by country and region, this provides different incentives for plant breeders for their choice of investments. Food Policy 78, 58– 67. doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.02.009, Wesseler, J., von Braun, J. However, also no significant difference was found. They also suggest negative implications for African development and adaptation to climate change (Wesseler et al., 2017). Nevertheless, the companies agree that the decision will have negative implications for the competitiveness of the Dutch plant breeding sector. Although it is rather customary to deal with such data as being cardinal, the intervals cannot be assumed to be equal from a theoretical perspective (Sullivan and Artino, 2013). Beckmann, V., Soregaroli, C., Wesseler, J. The survey was open for response from 7th to 20th February 2019. The survey starts with four questions on the profile of the company in terms of size, seed sector, country of headquarter and main market. The incentive for firms to invest in NPBTs largely depends on the net benefits of the investment, which are influenced by ex-ante regulatory standards and ex-post liability. “Such science-based information should be widely available and should be a starting point when discussing the future of plant breeding in the EU.”. Minimum Harmonization: What to expect from the institutional and legal battles in the EU on Gene editing technologies? 37 (6), 566–569. A recent survey of Dutch plant breeding companies gives a first empirical insight on the impact of the ruling. According to study author Steffen Noleppa, plant breeding activities in the EU in the last 15 years resulted in numerous clearly measurable benefits for the economy, the environment, and also society at large. The requirement to publicize the location of field trials in some EU member states, e.g., has resulted in public protests making it almost impossible for companies to conduct those trials. 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