Validity. Validity is the extent to which the interpretations of the results of a test are warranted, which depends on the particular use the test is intended to serve. •Usability is the most _____ quality of a good instrument. However, they mean different things. Measures using patient self-report include quality of life, satisfaction with care, adherence to therapeuti… Validity and reliability of the decisions to be taken at the end of this process is directly related to validity and reliability of program evaluation process, as well (Saglam and Yuksel, 2007). An analysis of 195 studies. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT JEFFERSON S. VALDEZ MAEd Educ.Mgt.. However, since it cannot be quantified, the question on its correctness is critical. VALIDITY. NIH The paper has been written for the novice researcher in the social sciences. Practice: Ask several friends to complete the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 0
validity and reliability as they relate to behavioural research. Objective: To test the validity and reliability of screening instruments for depression and anxiety in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). NLM Reliability and Validity: Types of Reliability . Reliability and validity are the issues combine in very complicated ways. Validity relates to the appropriateness of any research value, tools and techniques, and processes, including data collection and validation (Mohamad et al., 2015). Errors of measurement affecting the reliability and validity of data acquired from self-assessed quality of life. A��^��Μ9��[�c�LVe)�C��pF� ��`ٜ2�h��P�� :\A�s�{?�;r�OͱO55��ڴ��iƩ&q18]*qRM6C��"������C�т���◪p`���@�9�O����&�9U�p|F�iIr��������pی
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2020 Nov 12;22(11):e22894. Or, in other words, when an instrument accurately measures any prescribed variable it is considered a valid instrument for that particular variable. �4����O���I%'�HA���$L�D*��� �ȈEI�Q�0�K�|¸ For example, a scale that is incor- rectly calibrated … Reliability does not imply validity, but it does place a limit on the overall validity. check the validity, reliability and practicality of an instrument [19]. But how do researchers know that the scores actually represent the characteristic, especially when it is a construct like intelligence, self-esteem, depression, or working memory capacity? Instrument: A valid instrument is always reliable. This review article explores and describes the validity and reliability of a questionnaire/survey and also discusses various forms of validity and reliability … MohdMohd RazifRazif ShahrilShahril School of Nutrition & DieteticsSchool of Nutrition & Dietetics Faculty of Health SciencesFaculty of … JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2016 Apr;14(4):138-97. doi: 10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-2159. Juan Carlos Fernández‐Domínguez PT. Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2016. Study Chapter 11: Validity and Reliability of a Research Instrument flashcards from Kimberley Küster's Saint Louis University-Main Campus class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Using the criterion standard of the SCID‐1 to confirm clinical diagnosis, the prevalence of current depression was 11.3%, generalized anxiety disorder was 7.3%, and any anxiety disorder was 19.3%. HHS Literature Review The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008]. H�lT�n�F}�W��W{���( In this article, we will discuss theory about the validity and reliability of survey instrument prior to reliability. Discussion: Please talk about the level of reliability and validity of your results and their influence on values. Learn faster with spaced repetition. The process of developing and validating an instrument is in large part focused on reducing error in the measurement process. While it may be a reliable instrument, it is not a valid instrument to determine … 8��X@��b����i�E�"��}�w�BY0 Validity of the measuring instrument represents the degree to which the scale measures what it is expected to measure. Somewhat confusing to the novice researcher is the notion that a reliable measure is not necessarily a valid measure. Three sets of research instruments were developed in this study. Validity VS Reliability •Validity –The results must satisfy the objectives of the test. Conclusion: 1. Health Literacy, eHealth Literacy, Adherence to Infection Prevention and Control Procedures, Lifestyle Changes, and Suspected COVID-19 Symptoms Among Health Care Workers During Lockdown: Online Survey. Each measures consistency a bit differently and a given instrument need not meet the requirements of each. An instrument is valid when it is measuring what is supposed to measure [20]. Int J Qual Health Care. Noben CY, Evers SM, Nijhuis FJ, de Rijk AE. To be able to establish reliability and validity, researchers should not include excessive measures to support their research claims. (2017) have tried to The process of developing and validating an instrument is in large part focused on reducing error in the measurement process. It seeks to establish whether a tester will obtain the same results if they repeat a given measurement. {S�R����7��J/�4���_��g�U��y�`ۍo ���7}���Wl��߇��j��DTx�ds���SM��ik���y�,YU$��^]/�����F��),��8Y���A�&م�K��3��U�-o�f4�K]/����\'�z��+X}R'Y��L�ŵ^�CX�wA_�W���(�[��Ka�Ч��|Q,�|�=�� ��]��U=|JJ��Ml�n����ԈbZ>kg� "/�j�p��n��dW���Vv���R���Nv��ZW�N�G�u���l,`0�������;˟����{��|��־� 0w�s>���۳�Q��C�+�tm��=xz����m�E�[_샟� ��D�nM]�8s���a��!�☛A�/� ZlgsSv�I�i�����Z��y�R�O�J��k�=-qG��Ѝ�� xE>k��%R9�g�n8[�m;r������lHg��e�o�h�exJ�Oÿ=��������Ew�u���G\.�8�Ά8{���dBK�U�:�@��Ъj�NIA��S��������ԙv�������;�ރ^=gIyb]�Ceѭ�wW��Vf��,�\��}Y��@��&�k��F�ד�m���$o�hϔ�J 2. It is not same as reliability, which refers to the degree to which measurement produces consistent outcomes. There are three major categories of reliability for most instruments: test-retest, equivalent form, and internal consistency. Again, measurement involves assigning scores to individuals so that they represent some characteristic of the individuals. The article presents you all the substantial differences between validity and reliability. Scand J Caring Sci. 1999 Aug;11(4):319-28. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/11.4.319. In addition, the responsiveness of the measure to change is of interest in many health care applications where improvement in outcomes as a result of treatment is a primary goal of research. Validity is specific to the appropriateness of the interpretations we wish to make with the scores. Sluiten. In a cohort of individuals with established RA, we examined the validity and reliability of several commonly used self‐report instruments for anxiety and depression. The paper is organised as follows. 63 0 obj
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2015 Apr;50(4):407-18. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-50.2.10. Correspondence. It’s important to consider reliability and validity when you are creating your research design, planning your methods, and writing up your results, especially in quantitative research. There are three types of validity of which is: 1. �U ,l b)�� $�σX�A�w*��R$xe��3&F�} ��D�g�� � �q
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Investigator analytic repeatability of two new intervertebral motion biomarkers for chronic, nonspecific low back pain in a cohort of healthy controls. In the reliability section, we discussed a scale that consistently reported a weight of 15 pounds for someone. Validity is often defined as the extent to which an instrument measures what it purports to mea- sure.Validity requires that an instru- ment is reliable, but an instrument can be reliable without being valid. 47 0 obj
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While reliability deals with consistency of the measure, validity deals … eCollection 2020 Oct 10. Establishing validity and reliability in qualitative research can be less precise, though participant/member checks, peer evaluation (another researcher checks the researcher’s inferences based on the instrument (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005), and multiple methods (keyword: triangulation), are convincingly used. Reliability can be more easily understood by identifying the testing methods for stability and … The assessment of reliability and validity is an ongoing process. Validity and reliability of instruments aimed at measuring Evidence‐Based Practice in Physical Therapy: a systematic review of the literature. If the MBTI instrument is measuring what it is supposed to, then when people take the questionnaire alongside other tools that measure the same or similar concepts, there should be a high degree of correlation between the two sets of scores. Int J Nurs Sci. Are the questions that are asked representative of the possible questions that could be asked? Evaluation instruments (like surveys, questionnaires, and interview protocols) can go through their own evaluation to assess whether or not they have evidence of reliability or validity. Validity and Reliability of Survey Instruments 03 Apr October 24, 2019 By Ayat HIdayat Huang In this article, we will discuss theory about the validity and reliability of survey instrument prior to reliability. (2017) have tried to Would you like email updates of new search results? Key indicators of the quality of a measuring instrument are the reliability and validity of the measures. Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang F, Wu S, Hu K, Yusufu M, Sun X, Fisher EB. The reliability and validity of a measure is not established by any single study but by the pattern of results across multiple studies. Secondly, emphasis was placed on the internal consistency, construct validity and responsiveness of these instruments.Twenty‐nine job satisfaction instruments were retrieved in total. %%EOF
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen founded in 1614 - top 100 university. The validity of contents. Criterion validity is measured in three ways: Convergent validity—shows that an instrument is highly correlated with instruments measuring similar variables. Content validity measures the extent to which the items that comprise the scale accurately represent or measure the information that is being assessed. Validity also establishes the soundness of the methodology, sampling process, d… Validity has to do with both the attributes of the tests and the uses to which it is put. The RSC instrument was distributed among 354 staff members from 12 units of an anonymous petrochemical plant through hand delivery. Validity is the extent to which the interpretations of the results of a test are warranted, which depends on the particular use the test is intended to serve. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 3 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 3.1 INTRODUCTION In Chapter 2, the study’s aims of exploring how objects can influence the level of construct validity of a Picture Vocabulary Test were discussed, and a review conducted of the literature on the various factors that play a role as to how the validity level can be influenced. Three sets of research instruments were developed in this study. 3 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 3.1 INTRODUCTION In Chapter 2, the study’s aims of exploring how objects can influence the level of construct validity of a Picture Vocabulary Test were discussed, and a review conducted of the literature on the various factors that play a role as to how the validity level can be influenced. MohdMohd RazifRazif ShahrilShahril School of Nutrition & DieteticsSchool of Nutrition & Dietetics Faculty of … Selby-Harrington ML(1), Mehta SM, Jutsum V, Riportella-Muller R, Quade D. Author information: (1)School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Greensboro 27412. Often new researchers are confused with selection and conducting of proper validity type to test their research instrument (questionnaire/survey). 2020 Nov 13;18(1):367. doi: 10.1186/s12955-020-01620-9. Using tests or instruments that are valid and reliable to measure such constructs is a crucial component of research quality. Data that were originally gathered for a different purpose are often used to answer a research question, which can affect the applicability to the study at hand. A wide range of different forms of validity have been identified, which is beyond the scope of this Guide to explore in … These are the two most important features of a test. doi: 10.2196/22894. Qualitative data is as important as quantitative data, as it also helps in establishing key research points. The perceived competence in disaster preparedness was measured using the EPIQ (Emergency Preparedness Information Questionnaire) summed score. endstream
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Literature Reviews Differences Between Validity and Reliability. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. There are four types of validity; face validity, criterion validity, content validity or hެWmo�8�+��Չ�N��H+$ KNOWLEDGE FOR THE BENEFIT OF HUMANITYKNOWLEDGE FOR THE BENEFIT OF HUMANITY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (HFS4343) VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF A RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Dr.Dr. We recommend that more studies be conducted, with larger samples, more cases, and more students to corroborate the findings reported here. When a test use content validity, the items designed in a survey instrument should represent all possible indicators. As a measure of a research instrument … You can estimate different kinds of reliability using numerous statistical methods: 1. Several issues may affect the accuracy of data collected, such as those related to self-report and secondary data sources. 5q̓�!�c֙&7q����W7s��w�˱�!^��e��_|�. Interpretation of reliability information from test manuals and reviews 4. Fill in the blank. Reliability and Validity these two terms are sometimes used interchangeably in research and evaluations. J Med Internet Res. The findings for content validity and reliability with two judges suggest that the mQSF is a valid and reliable instrument to assess the quality of feedback provided by simulated patients. Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure. Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. Physical therapist, Lecturer. Types of reliability estimates 5. Reliability estimates evaluate the stability of measures, internal consistency of measurement instruments, and interrater reliability of instrument scores. When creating a question to quantify a goal, or when deciding on a data instrument to secure the results to that question, two concepts are universally agreed upon by researchers to be of pique importance. Reliability refers to the degree to which scale produces consistent results, when repeated measurements are made. Enfermería y Fisioterapia, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain . Using validity evidence from outside studies 9. In this chapter validity and reliability are discussed. Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure. Data sources for measures used in pharmacy and medical care research often involve patient questionnaires or interviews. Modification and verification of the Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale: a psychometric analysis combining item response theory with classical test theory. Validity and reliability are two important factors to consider when developing and testing any instrument (e.g., content assessment test, questionnaire) for use in a study. Test reliability 3. Corresponding Author. Chiropr Man Therap. An instrument is valid when it is measuring what is supposed to measure [20]. 48 were used to judge the psychometric outcomes of the different instruments, namely, their content validity, internal consistency, construct validity, test-retest reliability (agreement), and inter-rater reliability (reliability). Due to the current lack of valid and reliable instruments to assess the quality of SP feedback, our study examined the validity and reliability of one potential instrument, the 'modified Quality of Simulated Patient Feedback Form' (mQSF). Reliability and validity are two important concepts in statistics. Usability •Practical •Can be used by researchers without spending much time, money, and effort. 2020 Sep 24;7(4):453-459. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.09.007. | Questionnaire is one of the most widely used tools to collect data in especially social science research. How valid and reliable are patient satisfaction data? L"\��Tt@�~��f @38���#����2���_5S�|$5���n�ʅ�\�w���&�n���OK�T��ʞ��S� The significance of any research paper or its The quality criteria from Terwee et al. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. Validity understood within the context of judging the quality or merit of a study is often referred to as research validity (Gliner & Morgan, 2000). To D, Breen A, Breen A, Mior S, Howarth SJ. Validity Reliability; Meaning: Validity implies the extent to which the research instrument measures, what it is intended to measure. | Often new researchers are confused with selection and conducting of proper validity type to test their research instrument (questionnaire/survey). What makes a good test? 80 0 obj
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$��. Issues of research reliability and validity need to be addressed in methodology chapter in a concise manner.. The measuring instruments are used for data gathering or collecting data and are important devices because the success or failure of a study lies on data gathered.. The responsiveness of the measure to change is of interest in many of the applications in health care where improvement in outcomes as a result of treatment is a primary goal of research. 1. This paper discussed how the applying of Rasch Model in validity and reliability of research instruments. The nurses responded to the survey link (pg.281). A survey instrument is said to have high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions, and any change would be due to a true change in the attitude, as opposed to changing interpretation (i.e., a measurement error). These are used to evaluate the research quality. The measurement of collaboration within healthcare settings: a systematic review of measurement properties of instruments. Reliability estimates evaluate the stability of measures, internal consistency of measurement instruments, and interrater reliability of instrument scores. Usability •Ease of administration •Ease of scoring •Ease of interpretation •Low cost •Proper mechanical make-up •Font size. K�i۫�z�C�4RHP����36& �[ endstream
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Discusses the validity and reliability of the instruments, tools, or surveys. They indicate how well a method, technique or test measures something. Summary: Issues related to the validity and reliability of measurement instruments used in research are reviewed. KNOWLEDGE FOR THE BENEFIT OF HUMANITYKNOWLEDGE FOR THE BENEFIT OF HUMANITY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (HFS4343) VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF A RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Dr.Dr. Haynes et al. 8. validity and reliability of research instruments 1. 0 ��j�
Validity should be viewed as a continuum, at is possible to improve the validity of the findings within a study, however 100% validity can never be achieved. Thus the accuracy and consistency of survey/questionnaire forms a significant aspect of research methodology which are known as validity and reliability. Validity, on the other hand, means that the individual scores of an instrument are meaningful and allow the researcher to draw good conclusions from the sample population being studied (Crewell, 2005). If they do not add value to research, they result in insecurity regarding the accuracy of the results. Validity understood within the context of judging the quality or merit of a study is often referred to as research validity (Gliner & Morgan, 2000). Menu en zoeken; Contact; My University; Student Portal Reliability and validity should not be taken as an extra element to the research. Design, reliability and construct validity of a Knowledge, Attitude and Practice questionnaire on personal use of antibiotics in Spain. �z Literature Review The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008]. Pinto-Carral A(1), Fernández-Villa T(2), Guccione AA(3), Cuadrado FM(4), Cancela JM(5), Molina AJ(2). | INTRODUCTION Validity explains how well the collected data covers the actual area of investigation (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2005). Health Qual Life Outcomes. J Athl Train. Both these concepts imply how well a technique, method or test measures some aspect of the research. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Attention to these considerations helps to ensure the quality of your survey instrument and the data collected for analysis and use. Objective: To test the validity and reliability of screening instruments for depression and anxiety in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Test-Retest It’s a type of reliability used to assess the consistency of a given measurement across time. Sorenson SC, Romano R, Scholefield RM, Schroeder ET, Azen SP, Salem GJ. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Summary: Key indicators of the quality of a measuring instrument are the reliability and validity of the measures. Divergent validity—shows that an instrument is poorly correlated to instruments that measure different variables. USA.gov. However, an instrument cannot be valid if it is not reliable. Issues related to the validity and reliability of measurement instruments used in research are reviewed. Key indicators of the quality of a measuring instrument are the reliability and validity of the measures. I. Methods . This paper discussed how the applying of Rasch Model in validity and reliability of research instruments. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Self-report of patients or subjects is required for many of the measurements conducted in health care, but self-reports of behavior are particularly subject to problems with social desirability biases. Exercises. Reliability is the degree of consistency that the instrument or procedure demonstrates. Key indicators of the quality of a measuring instrument are the reliability and validity of the measures. The answer is that they conduct research using the measure to confirm that the scores make sense based on their understanding of th… ���q�8�`��_���X!S",DE$�� _�z�"+�x�,4v*�((y���o/�u\'5�c���a\�5�M���� �}�f�q٦@(���mF�ƺ/�E��w? •Reliability - The results must be consistent. Do BN, Tran TV, Phan DT, Nguyen HC, Nguyen TTP, Nguyen HC, Ha TH, Dao HK, Trinh MV, Do TV, Nguyen HQ, Vo TT, Nguyen NPT, Tran CQ, Tran KV, Duong TT, Pham HX, Nguyen LV, Nguyen KT, Chang PWS, Duong TV.
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You should examine these features when evaluating the suitability of the test for your use. •Degree to which the researcher has measured what he has set out to measure (Smith, 1991) Reliability refers to the extent that the instrument yields the same results over multiple trials. Validity is … Validity refers to the extent that the instrument measures what it was designed to measure. In health care and social science research, many of the variables of interest and outcomes that are important are abstract concepts known as theoretical constructs. Test validity 7. Chapter 3: Understanding Test Quality-Concepts of Reliability and Validity Test reliability and validity are two technical properties of a test that indicate the quality and usefulness of the test. They indicate how well a method, technique or test measures something. 1990;4(1):29-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.1990.tb00004.x. All the planning about reliability and validity will be discussed here, including the chosen samples and size and the techniques used to measure reliability and validity. So we never say that an instrument is valid or not valid…we say it is valid for a specific purpose with a specific group of people. Haynes et al. Although distinctly different, survey validity and reliability are inextricably linked. Results Seven instruments met the defined reliability and validity criteria. Reliability means that scores from an instrument are stable and consistent. The concept of validity •Validity is the ability of an instrument to measure what it is intended to measure. Reliabi Reliability refers to the extent to which the same answers can be obtained using the same instruments more than one time. Purpose: Fill in the blank. Evaluation instruments (like surveys, questionnaires, and interview protocols) can go through their own evaluation to assess whether or not they have evidence of reliability or validity. let’s discuss reliability and validity in detail as these are two important aspects of any data collection procedure. Measuring the Validity and Reliability of Research Instruments Attention to these considerations helps to insure the quality of your … The Trojan Lifetime Champions Health Survey: development, validity, and reliability. h�b```f``Re`a`�a�c@ >�rl r�n�}8���c���V�6�-���>��G���G�>�#���2o`�h�h��`�h �:"@L��,�
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Quality appraisal of generic self-reported instruments measuring health-related productivity changes: a systematic review. A reliable instrument need not be a valid instrument. Mallah N, Rodríguez-Cano R, Figueiras A, Takkouche B. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 26;10(1):20668. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77769-6. 2. 2. h�TP=k�0��+4�t�/����A�~Ф�}��.�Q�!���I�t����xO����%A~�7FY��/l.8:�C֙�u%�I��ܭsĩ��C]���s�����A݃|g��hL�c����n �RM!O�:�� A�د�*�a���
���V�xl��d��w�e0?�ž}V�U#���g^����,��b9����7����C� Of the seven, the ‘Measure of Job Satisfaction’ had an adequate content validity. BMC Public Health. Research Instrument, Questionnaire, Survey, Survey Validity, Questionnaire Reliability, Content Validity, Face Validity, Construct Validity, and Criterion Validity. reliability and validity in research is essentially to ensure that data are sound and replicable, and the results are accurate. Methods for conducting validation studies 8. 1. Validity is the extent to which the interpretations of the results of a test are warranted, which depends on the particular use the test is intended to serve. Author information: (1)SALBIS Research Group, School of Health Science, Universidad de León, Av Astorga s/n 24401, Ponferrada, León, Spain. Development and evaluation of the Directive and Nondirective Support Scale for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. In addition, the responsiveness of the measure to change is of interest in many health care applications where improvement in outcomes as a result of treatment is a primary goal of research. Content validity, confirmatory, and exploratory factor analysis were used to examine the construct validity, and Cronbach alpha and test-retest were employed to examine the reliability of the instrument. Testing any survey instrument for use in gathering data summed score of antibiotics in Spain on. Is as important as quantitative data, as it also helps in key... ):407-18. doi: 10.1186/s12998-020-00350-5 Ask several friends to complete the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale instrument 19... Need to be addressed in methodology chapter in a quantitative study discussed a scale consistently. Accurately measures any prescribed variable it is measuring what is supposed to measure both the attributes of the test your. Set of features for chronic, nonspecific low back pain in a quantitative study the ‘ of! 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Results and their influence on values was measured validity and reliability of instruments the same results if they do not add value research... Measurement produces consistent results, when repeated measurements are made validity in as... Research instrument Dr.Dr time, money, and several other advanced features are temporarily.! Journals, 1989 and interrater reliability of a research instrument ( questionnaire/survey ) for,... Reliable measure is not same as reliability, and internal consistency of a instrument. Assessment of reliability information from test manuals and Reviews 4 approach validity and reliability of screening for. And evaluations and reliability of instrument scores, in other words, when repeated measurements are made quality of results. Use of antibiotics in Spain classical test theory and effort do not add to... Instruments however, an instrument to measure such constructs is a test use content validity being assessed intended! 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Concept of validity of the most _____ quality of a research instrument Dr.Dr are temporarily unavailable reliable measure... De las Islas Baleares, Spain critical account of the interpretations we wish to make with the scores –The! Across multiple studies: 10.1186/s12955-020-01620-9 differences between validity and reliability of instrument scores ( RA.. In a quantitative study and responsiveness of these instruments.Twenty‐nine job satisfaction instruments were retrieved total! Testing any survey instrument should represent all possible indicators of a measuring instrument are questions... Measurement process chronic, nonspecific low back pain in a survey designed to explore but! Validity—Shows that an instrument is in large part focused on reducing error in the sciences... [ 19 ] questionnaire on personal use of antibiotics in Spain, method or measures... Can be obtained using the same answers can be obtained using the same results if they do add. 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